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"Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review". Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is used in all … Amphetamine is considered to be the quintessential member of the stimulant class due to its extensively studied effects and long history of clinical use. (June 2014). There are many harmful effects the drug can cause, both in the long-term and the short-term. It also decreases appetite and fatigue. Government of Vermont. What is speed? 42 (2): 205–233. Important information. (2008). |, Pérez‐Mañá, C., Castells, X., Torrens, M., Capellà, D., & Farre, M. (2013). Central nervous system stimulants: historical aspects and clinical effects. p. 78. Dosages from TripSit Factsheets 99-165). [42][43] [47] A review on treatment for amphetamine abuse-induced psychosis states that about 5–15% of users fail to recover completely. Pharmacologic mechanisms of crystal meth. PMID 22037049. Methamphetamine is classified as a Schedule II stimulant by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), which means it has a high potential for abuse and is available legally only by prescription. Bett WR (August 1946). Kish, S. J. It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance. It was one of a series of compounds related to the plant derivative Ephedrine, which had been purified two years previously by Nagayoshi Nagai. Bull. It is purely a drug of abuse and has no medical function, unlike many others. Speed (droga) Izvor: Wikipedija. Simple English: Amphetamine is a synthetic drug. Het gebruik is geestelijk verslavend. Amphetamine was first synthesized in Germany in 1887 by the Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu, who named it phenylisopropylamine. ISBN 9780071624428. Speedball (or powerball) is a mixture of cocaine (a stimulant) with heroin or morphine (an opioid) or sometimes benzodiazepine, taken intravenously or by nasal insufflation. Amphetamine (also known as alpha-methylphenethylamine, amfetamine, and speed) is a stimulant substance of the phenethylamine class. A version of the drug, created by "Jay", seemingly caused the loss of his powers, as well as his cellular degenerative disease. In reality, "Jay" had in fact increased his speed, but at the cost o… These drugs increase the level of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which can create euphoria. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. "Making the first anti-depressant: amphetamine in American medicine, 1929–1950". [7] PMID 23539642. Synapse, 39 1, 32-41. doi: 10.1002/1098-2396(20010101)39:1<32::AID-SYN5>3.0.CO;2-3. "Hyperthermia alone does not produce amphetamine-like neurotoxicity but AMPH and METH exposures that do not produce hyperthermia (≥40°C) are minimally neurotoxic. Lewin AH, Miller GM, Gilmour B (December 2011). Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 by Lazar Edeleanu at the University of Berlin. Springer, Boston, MA. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05906.x. Ann. Molecular Psychiatry, 14(2), 123. See also drug abuse and drug dependence. Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin. doi:10.1136/pgmj.22.250.205. Branded amphetamine, like Adderall, knows similar yet better documented and thus more predictable doses. Benzedrine sulfate was introduced 3 years later and was used to treat a wide variety of medical conditions, including narcolepsy, obesity, low blood pressure, low libido, and chronic pain. Amphetamine. However, the first five attempts (Velocity 1 to 5) were failures. Initially, amphetamine was more popularly used to reduce appetite and to control weight. PMID 20997404. Alles was part of a group of researchers looking for an ephedrine substitute. 1. a white crystalline powder used as a central nervous system stimulant. PMID 22073434. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) |, Narcolepsy: current treatment options and future approaches |. doi:10.1177/0269881113482532. [41] No formal studies in humans have been carried out and the exact toxic dosage is unknown. For example, an object's speed can be measured in miles per hour (mph),; kilometers per hour (km/h); meters per second (m/s), which is the SI-unit for speed. Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review. (1887), Band 3, S. 616–622. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (9). "Unlike cocaine and amphetamine, methamphetamine is directly toxic to midbrain dopamine neurons. Amphetamine was first synthesized in Germany in 1887 by the Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu, who named it phenylisopropylamine.However, its stimulant effects remained unknown until 1927, when it was independently re-synthesized by Gordon Alles and discovered to have sympathomimetic properties. Med. Methamphetamine (also called meth or speed) is a man-made stimulant drug. It is highly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance. ISBN 9780195030570. Speed is classed as a ‘stimulant’ because it speeds up the messages going to and from your brain. 75 (6): 406–433. Lisdexamfetamine is the same drug (dextroamphetamine) BUT is bound to an Amino acid L-Lysine and needs to be metabolized in order to convert it into useable D-Amphetamine, it takes time for this conversion to happen leading to a prolonged T-Max and C-max and more stable overall dosage and effects throughout the entire serum level. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill. Med. Many different names are used for amphetamines. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.04.003. Some interactions listed have been sourced from TripSit. Depending on purity, amphetamine doses will vary. Using speed can lead to health, social and financial problems. They include Benzedrine and speed. PMID 15955613. The drug is a stimulant: it can help people keep the focus and stay awake. They are somewhat comparable to. ISBN 9780071481274. Speed also goes by the street names “Ice, Crystal meth and Shabu ” 2 The drug works using Dopamine. It was widely used to treat a wide range of ailments such as alcohol hangover, narcolepsy, depression, and weight reduction. Speed is a common street drug, made synthetically in manufacturing facilities or ‘super labs’ around the world and sold under a wide variety of legal and illegal means. Amphetamine may be habit-forming, and this medicine is a drug of abuse. "World Drug Report 2014" (PDF). PMC 4183197 Freely accessible. Allied Sci. The LD50 (the dosage required to kill 50% of the test subjects) of amphetamine in rats has been found to be between roughly 15 mg and 180 mg per kilogram, depending on the study. PMID 22849208. (1978). Its absorption and excretion may be pH dependent. The name 'amphetamine' is a contraction from αlphamethylphenethylamine, Attention disorders are often treated using Adderall or a generic equivalent, a formulation of mixed amphetamine salts that contain both racemic-amphetamine, in the sulfate and aspartate monohydrate salt forms, and enantiopure dextroamphetamine, in the sulfate and saccharate salt forms, mixed to yield a final ratio of 3 parts dextroamphetamine to 1 part levoamphetamine. These include: 1. [14], Amphetamine, also known as alpha-methylphenethylamine, is a synthetic substance of the phenethylamine family. PubChem Compound. It is worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a consistent or reliable manner, although higher doses are more likely to induce the full spectrum of effects. Chemically, it is similar to methamphetamine. Chemically, it is the parent compound of the substituted amphetamines, a group which includes a diverse range of substances like bupropion, phenmetrazine, MDMA, and DOx. Hyperthermia likely enhances AMPH and METH neurotoxicity directly through disruption of protein function, ion channels and enhanced ROS production. Prijeđi na navigaciju Prijeđi na pretraživanje. 29 (2): 21–4, 32. Ecstasy, also known as candy or MDMA. 19 (23): 7044–7048. Popularly known as bennies, crank, speed, pep pills, wakeups, or uppers, amphetamines are addictive and easily abused: users can become psychologically dependent on the drugs and, developing a tolerance for them, can require increasingly large doses (see drug addiction and drug abuse drug addiction and drug abuse, Heal, D. J., Smith, S. L., Gosden, J., & Nutt, D. J. Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), a literature based on anecdotal reports and the personal experiences of PsychonautWiki contributors. [33] However, high-dose amphetamine can cause indirect neurotoxicity as a result of increased oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species and autoxidation of dopamine. J. Interdiscip. Independent research (e.g. PMID 21272013. "VMAT2: a dynamic regulator of brain monoaminergic neuronal function interacting with drugs of abuse". Racemic amphetamine (dl-amphetamine) contains two optical isomers, or enantiomers: Adderall and many other formulations of mixed amphetamine salts contain the enantiomers in a 3:1 ratio of d to l. This is achieved by mixing one part racemic amphetamine and one part d-amphetamine. It is a white, odorless, bitter-tasting powder that easily dissolves in water or alcohol. Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (June 2013). doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.007. 1216: 86–98. Mohan J, ed. p. 370. It was then introduced i… Defalque RJ, Wright AJ (April 2011). Speed (methamphetamine, C10H15N) is a potent and addictive central nervous system stimulant, chemically related to amphetamine, but with greater central nervous system side effects. In the first place, it must be taken into account that the consumption of … N. Y. Acad. This page was last changed on 19 April 2020, at 05:37. These drugs increase the level of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which can create euphoria. [47][48] The same review asserts that antipsychotic medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis. Adult ADHD Medications and Their Cardiovascular Implications |, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lisdexamfetamine Compared with d-Amphetamine in Healthy Subjects |, Stimulants for the Control of Hedonic Appetite |, Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of d rugs of potential misuse (ScienceDirect) |, Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). Chem. Učinci su, na srediÅ¡nji živčani sustav, jači nego kod amfetamina. ISBN 9780071481274. [18][19][20] Combined action on TAAR1 and VMAT2 results in increased concentrations of dopamine and norepinephrine in the synapses, which stimulates neuronal activity. Methamphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical, the racemic free base, which is an equal mixture of levomethamphetamine … Eiden LE, Weihe E (January 2011). Marihuana, also known as grass, ganja, weed or MJ. The exact bioavailability of amphetamine is not known, but it is believed to be over 75% by mouth, and higher by injection or intranasal administration[24][25]. Wells first started to develop a speed-enhancing drug after Zoom appeared on his Earth, and it was meant to aid "Jay Garrick" in his struggles against the super-villain Zoom. During 2012, approximately 5.9 metric tons of illicit amphetamine were seized within EU member states;[14] the "street price" of illicit amphetamine within the EU ranged from €6–38 per gram during the same period. Many people use it illegally, but it is occasionally used legally by prescription to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or obesity as "Desoxyn". Amphetamine (Drug) Description Mid-strong and fairly addictive speed drug Type Powder Price $7 Level 0 Size 0.5 Weight 0.25 Mixing Details Addiction Low Strength Low Toxicity Medium-Low Mix Strength Low Amphetamines are stimulant drugs. In Sydor A, Brown RY. The basic form is more readily absorbed in the intestine and less readily removed by the kidneys, potentially increasing its half life [25]. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy. Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant most frequently used as a recreational drug. Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology. Speed drug also known by the names; upper, phet, billy, whiz, sulph, base, dexedrine, or dexamphetamine is a white, odorless, bitter-tasting central nervous system stimulant, chemically related to amphetamine, but with greater central nervous system effect which begins within 20 minutes and lasts for 4-6 hours. (2005). "Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective". However, its stimulant effects remained unknown until 1927, when it was independently re-synthesized by Gordon Alles and discovered to have sympathomimetic properties. 22 (250): 205–218. [37] Animal models of neurotoxicity from high-dose amphetamine exposure indicate that the occurrence of hyperpyrexia (i.e., core body temperature ≥ 40 °C) is necessary for the development of amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. There are many units of measurement for speed. Ulična imena, joÅ¡ su meth i chalk. [10], During World War II, amphetamine and methamphetamine were used extensively by both the Allied and Axis forces for their stimulant and performance-enhancing effects. DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. Sci. Severe amphetamine overdose can result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., paranoia, hallucinations, delusions). Tremors 8. Galli, A., Poulsen, N.W., Sulzer, D., & Sonders, M.S. Retrieved 13 October 2013. Paranoia 4. These drugs increase the level of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which can create euphoria. Palpitations 7. Shoptaw, S. J., Kao, U., & Ling, W. (2009). Westfall DP, Westfall TC (2010). Dextroamphetamine is a more potent agonist of TAAR1 than levoamphetamine. Amfetamine (in straattaal ook wel speed, pep, snelle of belly genoemd) is een synthetisch psychofarmacon en drug.De dextro-isomeer van amfetamine (dextro-amfetamine) wordt voorgeschreven als therapie voor ADHD en narcolepsie.Het racemaat van amfetamine kent momenteel geen medicinale toepassingen in Nederland en wordt slechts recreatief gebruikt. Retrieved 29 January 2012. "Benzedrine sulphate in clinical medicine; a survey of the literature". Withdrawal symptoms include paranoia, depression, dream potentiation, anxiety, itching, mood swings, irritability, fatigue, insomnia, an intense craving for more amphetamine or other stimulants. Additional experience reports can be found here: As of March 2014, there is no evidence that amphetamine is directly neurotoxic in humans. It is commonly snorted, inhaled as smoke, or dissolved and injected into a vein. [34][35][36], In rodents and primates, sufficiently high doses of amphetamine causes damage to dopamine neurons, characterized as reduced transporter and receptor function. Delusions These effects are typically short-term and last only as long as the user has the substance in their systems. Baumann, M., Carroll, F.I., Dersch, C.M., Partilla, J.S., Rothman, R.B., Romero, D., & Rice, K. (2001). Treatment for amphetamine psychosis. 61 (3): 288–323. "Chemical and Physical Properties". No pharmacological use was found for amphetamine until 1927, when pioneer psychopharmacologist Gordon Alles resynthesized it. Potential adverse effects of amphetamine treatment on brain and behavior: a review. [citation needed], At room temperature, the pure free base of amphetamine is a mobile, colorless, and volatile liquid with a characteristically strong amine odor, and acrid, burning taste.[15]. 27 (6): 479–496. [3] The name amphetamine is derived from its chemical name: alpha-methylphenethylamine. Berman, S. M., Kuczenski, R., McCracken, J. T., & London, E. D. (2009). In Stimulants (pp. There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index. The National Drug Intelligence Center reports that between two and four million children have been diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and as a result been legally prescribed amphetamine, which can improve symptoms when used properly. It is usually taken orally, but can also be insufflated, injected, or administered rectally. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (1), CD003026-CD003026. Although many psychoactive substances are reasonably safe to use on their own, they can quickly become dangerous or even life-threatening when combined with other substances. "Historical overview of methamphetamine". ; Changing speed. When dependence has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if use is suddenly discontinued. It is odorless and has a slightly bitter taste. When an object changes speed, it gets faster or … United States National Library of Medicine – National Center for Biotechnology Information. The hyperthermia and the hypertension produced by high doses amphetamines are a primary cause of transient breakdowns in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) resulting in concomitant regional neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in laboratory animals. 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