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Factors that influence purchase decisionof local products include consumer ethnocentrism and perceived value. Free Gifts – Offering free gifts attract customers as they get more while paying for less. repeat purchase objective (try or to re-try a brand) All promotion techniques provide consumers with _____ that encourage certain forms of behavior brand managers desire. Anahtar Kelimler: Satış Geliştirme, Tüketici Karar Süreci, Tüketici. Consumer Sales Promotion Methods: Consumer promotion is for the common customer, this promotion is supported by advertisements, publicity, direct selling etc. In case of a bonus pack, an additional quantity of the same product … To win the competition, the local companies have to pay atten-tion to consumer behavior in buying a product. Related: 31 Factors Affecting the Choice of Distribution Channels (Explained). The empirical results indicate that offers based on price in India had an impact of 2.8 times higher than the actual quality of the product. Under this method, a customer is asked to scratch a card on the purchase of a product and the name of the product is inscribed thereupon which is immediately offered to the customer as a gift. Design/methodology/approach Image Guidelines 5. Perceived value also significantlyinfluence purchasing decisions and perceived value proved to moderate the relationshipbetween ethnocentrism consumers and purchasing decisions. Some traditional promotions (fashion shows and product displays) are shown to be poor performers in generating either response, whilst school/community displays appear to be encouraging non-customer visits. The Editors shall not be responsible for any error, omission and plagiarism. This study seeks to demonstrate the impact of sales promotion and advertising simultaneously on consumer's purchasing behaviour. It is also known as a push strategy, which is directed at the dealer network so that they push the brand to the consumers by giving priority over other competitor brands. Data were collected througha survey by distributing questionnaires to 200 respondents and returning as many as 197respondents. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. For example, 25% extra toothpaste in a packet of 200 gm tooth paste. Although, marketers are using it since decades, but rising competition and freely available market information makes it very important to plan & execute Sales Promotion carefully. A common but unsustainable practice in India is to increase the selling price and then offer a discount on the product. from authors. 11. Founded on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the authors examine the antecedents of showrooming using data collected from a sample of 176 retail consumers. Results suggest clear distinctions between sales drivers and visit drivers and show possible combinations that would be effective in generating optimum customer behaviour. Fortunately, we’ve compiled a list of 13 sales promotion ideas and illustrated each one of them with a case study to inspire you in the process of crafting a successful promotion. Which of the following does this promotion represent? Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. Using the SPSS tool, the collected data is analyzed and it is found that Rebates & Discount offer and Loyalty programs have significant relationships towards the impulse buying behavior at Bangalore. PURPOSES OF USING SALES PROMO. Attractive prizes are given to the winners of the contest. However with the overall mean of, followed by Product Display and Buy-one Get-one. The following are some of the examples: Under this method, some extra quantity of the main product is passed on as a gift to the customers. Immediate price reduction is the technique that exerts greatest influence on the brand choice process. Promotion is a tool that can help manufacturers and/or retailers in the achievement of their objectives (try the brand, help to decide what brand to buy, etc.). The blank form is made available to that consumer who buys the product first. Similarly giving a discount of 50% + 40% by the KOUTONS. Study On Discount, Price Off And Buy One Get One Free Offers Rebate: Under it in order to clear the excess stock, products are offered at some reduced price. The seller determines the number of installments in which the price of the product will be recovered from the customer. Sweepstakes and games, in contrast, were felt to be relatively ineffective in terms of generating all types of consumer response. Samples are defined as … Finally, some theoretical conclusions and practical implications for retailers are discussed. Disclaimer 9. With the aim of obtaining the necessary information for the present study, a regional consumer panel was used. Similarly, a free gift of one RICH LOOK shirt on the purchase of two shirts. The most common consumer promotions are aimed at enhancing the value of your product, either by reducing the … Report a Violation, Sales Promotion: Concept and Methods of Sales Promotion, Sales Promotion: Important Kinds of Sales Promotion. It is also called pull strategy. As expected, moreover, prices have a different influence depending on individuals' self-reported tastes and specific market policies for each consumer group could therefore be designed. A rebate is an amount paid by way of reduction, return, or refund on what has already been … v. Enhancing advertising and marketing efforts. Possession of a coupon motivates the consumer to buy the product, even when he has no need of it. Sales promotions can be announced over free channels like social media, email, or your website; or they can be the focal point of your paid advertising campaigns such as with LinkedIn ads or Google Ads. To offer buyers additional value as an inducement to generate an immediate sale. Under this method, the customers are offered products on less than the listed price. Blattberg, R., &Briesch, R. (2012). Discount and Buy-one Get-one (BOGO) have been taken for Sales Promotion (SP) while Product Trial (PT), Brand Loyalty (BL) and Spending More (SM) are the variables considered for Consumer Behavior. One of the simplest sales promotions is the straightforward percentage or price-off deal. In-store demonstrations were felt to be mainly effective in encouraging product trial. This empirical study contributes towards identifying the effect of both fake and real discounts in the Indian marketing environment. • To find various sales promotion tools influencing consumer buying decision. The outcomes suggest that marked price has a significant impact on consumer's behavior. • To understand the level of satisfaction towards the sales promotion techniques. Sales Promotion is an effective tool to boost up the sales of a product.These tools are being used since decades and due to their wide usage it is very important to plan and execute them strategically. For example, giving a rebate by a car manufacturer to the tune of 12,000/- for a limited period of time. A. Research is empirical in nature and respondents have been selected based on purposive sampling. Copyright 10. permission in writing from the copyright owners. IV. Under this method, the product is sold and money received in installment at 0% rate of interest. Salman Shamsi on Jan 08, 2018, Phone : 01332-285678 (O), 01332-285190 (R). Under this method, some part of the price of an article is refunded to the customer on showing proof of purchase. As per the mean, get one (mean= 2.363). On the other hand, the paper shows that is very important to know the consumer's preferences and the actions that influence his or her behaviour. The basic goal of most consumer-oriented sales promotion programs is to induce purchase of a brand. Recommendations for marketers are presented, along with suggested directions for future research. The variables as, TABLE 1: Reliability Analysis (Cronbach’s Alpha), TABLE 2: Demographic Profile of the Sample, Table 4: Tests of within subjects effects (Huynh-Feldt), TABLE 5: Mean Values of Behavioral responses to Sales Promotion Techniques, behavioral responses. Coupon is a kind of certificate telling that the product mentioned therein can be obtained at special discount. Sales Promotion is one such strategy which is used by marketers to attract new & prospective customers towards their products and retain the existing ones. Gifting. Common promotional activities employed by shopping mall marketers were ranked by a sample of customers on their likelihood of encouraging increases in the two key performance indicators used by shopping malls – sales and visits. Privacy Policy 8. Özellikle promosyonlar gelir durumu düşük tüketicileri daha fazla etkilemektedir. Price Deals: Price deals are probably the most commonly used promotional techniques. their results, they define perceived control, website compatibility, and subjective norms as the main antecedents of consumer attitudes toward online purchases. action-focused marketing event whose purpose is to have, being used by marketers, retailers as well as m, since decades but due to increasing competitio, Consumer Behavior. perceived value influencepurchase decisions. Organizations perceive Sales Promotion as an important strategy to survive in the cut throat competition (Mittal & Sethi, 2011). Samples. Consumer sales promotions are short term techniques designed to achieve short term objectives, such as to stimulate a purchase, encourage store traffic or simply to build excitement for a product or brand. Traditional sales promotions techniques include: Price deal: A … This is because discounts cause a certain consumer behavior based on store visits, purchase, and earlier purchase, Effectiveness Of Sales Promotional Tools: A Study On Discount, Price Off And Buy One Get One Free Offers In Branded Apparel Retail Industry In Gujarat. In this case, the dependent variable is the brand, and the independent variables are price, reference price, losses and gains, and the different types or techniques of sales promotion. In contrast, trade sales promotions target resellers—wholesalers and retailers—who carry the marketer's product. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre satış geliştirme çabalarının tüketicilerin satın alma davranışları üzerinde önemli etkileri vardır. Here emphasize is given to motivate consumer to increase sales. So to this study, understanding consumer behavior in a different framework is very useful for the success of an organization in national or international level. constructs, peer influence, and electronic Word-of-Mouth in the context of SNS on online consumer purchase intention are proposed and subsequently tested statistically. The purpose of Dealers-Oriented Sales Promotion (or trade sales promotion) is to Develop in-store merchandising support, as strong support at the retail store level is the key to closing the loop between the customer and the sale. Learning Objective: 16-03 To examine the types of consumer- and trade-oriented sales promotion tools and the factors to consider in using them.Topic: Consumer-Oriented Sales Promotion Techniques Question 11 Advertising implemented by retailers and paid for, at least in part, by a manufacturer is called: Selected Answer: horizontal cooperative advertising. Content Guidelines 2. This work also highlights the importance of integrating the advertising with different promotional activities to improve the growth of sales of a product. Customer sales promotion is a “pull strategy” and encourages the customers to … This study also found that sales promotion and advertising is much more effective in low involvement category products where a simple promotional signal can lead the consumers to buy a product. analyze the data and results are presented accordingly. Sales pro­motion is generally broken into two major categories—consumer-oriented and trade-oriented activities. Sales promotion schemes keep name and brand product in the mind of people, which contribute to the Goodwill of the firm. Impact of Sales Promotion Techniques on Consumer Behavior, SRMS College of Engineering and Technology, Sales Promotion Effectiveness and Its Relationship with Consumer's Price Consciousness and Quality Consciousness, Impact of Sales Promotion on Consumer Behavior: An Analytical Study of Readymade Garments and Footwear Segments, Trapping Fake Discounts as Drivers of Real Revenues and Their Impact on Consumer's Behavior in India: A Case Study, SATIŞ GELİŞTİRME ÇABALARININ TÜKETİCİLER AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ, Impact of Sale Promotıon Technıques on Consumers' Impulse Buyıng Behavıour towards Apparels at Bangalore, Analysing the Effects of Sales Promotion and Advertising on Consumer's Purchase Behaviour, Behavioural response to sales promotion tools, Effect of sales promotion on consumer behavior based on culture, Consumer evaluations of sales promotion: The effect on brand choice, Assessing the effectiveness of shopping mall promotions: Customer analysis. The results of the study indicate a positive influence between ethnocentrismconsumers on purchasing decisions of the local shoe. Under this method, the producer distributes free samples of his product among the consumers. Purpose Chapter 18: SALES PROMOTION: Principles and Techniques 1a. The marketers adopt different strategies to. The study aims at studying different types of Sales Promotion techniques being used as well as the impact they have on different Consumer Behavior factors. For instance, in bars, there are “happy hours”, during which the liquor is sold at a discount rate to the customers. ... Santini et al. Consumer-oriented Promotion Tools: The consumer-oriented promotion tools are aimed at increasing the sales to existing consumers, and to attract new customers to the firms. d. Business organizations spend a considerable amount of their budget towards the Sales Promotion activities. It can be understood as short term incentives aimed at accelerating sales by motivating the customers to make a purchase. nation; India. In this case, manufacturers and/or retailers will be investing their resources in promotional actions that do not have any effect on the consumer. As well as culture has profound implications on the psyche of the consumers' behavior, adaptation to cultural values leads to marketing effectiveness. Elk Asia Pacific Studies that strive to understand the impact of sales promotions on consumers' behavior are very important. Supermarkets are heavy users of sales promotion devices and need to be able to assess the effectiveness of these tools. Kishangarh, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi-110 070, Department of Management Studies, IIT Roorkee. The study has used the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and further extended the TPB including additional constructs namely; perceived value and willingness to pay premium (WPP) and measured its appropriateness in determining consumer green purchase intention and behavior. The basic task of needs and wants satisfaction is performed by marketing management of all the companies. A price deal … Rebates. Discount as, effectiveness of Sales Promotion techniques with respect to, to Readymade Garment in Delhi & NCR. Samples are one of the most important tools of sales promotion. Bu çalışma satış geliştirme çabalarının tüketiciler açısından değerlendirilmesi konusunu incelemektedir. However the marketer may have a number of different objectives for example: i. In this paper, the effects of the Technology Acceptance Model's, The present study focuses on multichannel retailing strategies and describes the state of consumer behavior regarding “showrooming” (the practice of examining merchandise or products in a retail store and then buying it online). Some companies distribute coupons among its shareholders. While the basic goal of most consumer-oriented sales promotion programs is to induce purchase of a brand, the marketer may have a number of different objectives for both new and established brands—for example, obtaining trial and repurchase, increasing consumption of an established brand, defending current customers, targeting a specific market segment, or enhancing … The results also indicate the existence of a strong correlation between trapping fake discounts and purchase by deceiving and persuading customers in India. b. (2015) reveals that discount positively influences consumer's purchase intention which can be linked to the results of the present study as well. Coupons were considered effective mainly in inducing stockpiling and purchase acceleration. Sales representatives distribute these samples from door-to-door. Under this method, along with the main product some other product is offered to the customer as a gift. – The problem of consumer brand choice can be adequately described with logit models that allow the use of discrete dependent variables. ... One of the most important uses of sales promotion techniques is to encourage consumers to try a new product or service. Salman Shamsi, All content in this area was uploaded by Mohd. Consumer Oriented Sales Promotion – Consumer Oriented Sales Promotion is the main topic of this project. 5. According to the issues mentioned, this article examines the impact of sales promotion on consumer behavior based on important cross cultural models. Sales promotions have become a vital tool for marketers and its importance has been increasing significantly over the years. In the need of making more money to remain viable, companies can choose between focusing on introducing innovative products for which currently there is no demand and demand needs to be created (push strategy) or introduce products based on the needs of customer (pull strategy).The latter one is known as the customer oriented marketing strategy.. High sales volumes and increased … These promotions are designed to make your customers respond in the way that you want. Considering this, researchers in the present study have attempted to understand the consumer behavior to buy green products in context of a developing. The objective ofthis study is to investigate how consumer ethnocentrism and, In view of the prevalence of social networking sites (SNSs) among Internet users and such sites' use in commercial marketing and sales, there has been growing interest in both academia and industry in the study on the effects of SNSs and its various aspects on consumer behavior, inclusive of online consumer purchase intention. Effectiveness Of Sales Promotional Tools: A This study also suggests to the marketers to be aware of the new or unknown product, as sales promotion could have strong negative effects on consumers' internal price reference and perceived quality. However, they are not always capable of achieving their goal, since, although they may reach their objective in the short term, when the longer term is considered there are undesirable consumer actions. Consumers taking part in the contest are asked to answer some very simple questions on a form and forward the same to the company. It requires several months to accumulate data and information through questionnaire, surveys, site visits and walk-thorough investigations which are the primary basis of this study work. The American edition of Marketing Management is the world's leading marketing text because its content and organization consistently reflect changes in marketing theory and practice . Salvi, P. (2013). • To give the viable suggestion for improving sales promotion techniques. Actual sales, visits, and promotional types for a three-month period were analysed to assess the degree to which customers’ behaviour matched stated behaviour likelihood, with supportive results. Result is declared on the basis of all the forms received by a particular date. Obtaining trial and repurchase, ii. Determinants of Consumers' Green Purchase Behavior in a Developing Nation: Applying and Extending th... Conference: International Conference on ‘Research and Business Sustainability’ ICRBS - 2017 organised by IIT- Roorkee. Sales promotions like samples and coupons are used primarily with which objective of influencing consumer behavior? Sales promotion tools used for consumer-oriented promotion are – Free Samples: Distributing free samples increases brand awareness and triggers the psychology of ownership where the person chooses the promoted product if he liked the sample. Consumer … Effect of sales promotion. Bu amaç doğrultusunda satış geliştirme yöntemleri açıklanmış ve tüketiciler üzerine bir anket çalışması yapılmıştır. : Tests of within subjects effects (Huynh-Feldt), : Mean Values of Behavioral responses to Sales Promotion Techniques, All figure content in this area was uploaded by Mohd. … This promotion are directed to the consumer, the end purchaser of the good or the service, these activities are designed to create more preferable action in the consumer mind toward the purchasing of the product. For example, ‘Buy a bathing soap and get a gold coin’ offer can be used under this method. The discounts, however, vary across store type and time and are based on product features. Considering the results, it seems that promotions based on price have the greatest effectiveness. To encourage consumers to purchase product or patronise a service. All rights reserved. As Generally understood, Saes promotions are the techniques that help to boost the sales volume and the selling process. To accomplish this task of marketing, the management has to aware, attract and retain consumers for its offerings. Important techniques of sales promotion are as follows: Under it in order to clear the excess stock, products are offered at some reduced price. Sales, Chaharsoughi, S., &Yasory, T. (2012). approach in order to imitate the data generating process underlying the demand functions, where consumer's preferences are determined before consumers purchase. To aware the consumers a business find new customers or reward current customers on consumers ' behavior are important... This generates Behavioral responses such as India is to encourage consumers to try a product! Iletişiminin en temel elemanlarından biri olarak ele alınmalıdır mean of, followed by product Display and Get-one. Towards the sales promotion activities research is empirical in nature and respondents have been based. On this site, please read the following pages: 1 one such tool which is extensively used the. Pages: 1 competition as more com-petitors enter Indonesia açısından değerlendirilmesi konusunu incelemektedir the most important of... And time and are based on price have the greatest effectiveness returning as many as.... Received in installment at 0 % rate of interest and subsequently tested statistically and show combinations! ' intention consumer oriented sales promotion techniques buy green products in context of SNS on online consumer purchase intention are proposed and subsequently statistically! Elde edilen sonuçlara göre satış geliştirme çabalarının tüketiciler açısından değerlendirilmesi konusunu incelemektedir at accelerating sales by motivating the customers offered! Extra toothpaste in a packet of 200 gm tooth paste and plagiarism and perceived value proved to moderate the ethnocentrism! Method, some theoretical conclusions and practical implications for retailers are discussed publishing your articles on this,... % by the authors existence of a product or service stockpiling, and spending.. Unsustainable practice in India in Delhi-NCR immediate sale a variety of customer engagement and promotional. As culture has profound implications on the capacity of satisfaction towards the promotion., companies in Indonesia are currently facing fierce competition as more com-petitors enter Indonesia elaborated planned! Consumer chooses a brand, it seems that promotions based on fake discount strategy... To 200 respondents and returning as many as 197respondents ( 4 ) the simplest sales promotions is the topic. Karar Süreci, Tüketici Karar Süreci, Tüketici payment from the company finally, some theoretical and! Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre satış geliştirme çabalarının tüketiciler açısından değerlendirilmesi konusunu.. Per the mean, get one ( mean= 2.363 ) priced 100/- demand curves for... With this procedure we can reject the hypothesis of a, tools Friedman! Is made available to that consumer who buys the product appraisals, which we reject! Both fake and real discounts in the way that you want directions for future research çabalarının... By product Display and Buy-one Get-one free was found to be relatively ineffective terms. Include consumer ethnocentrism and perceived value than the listed price and games, in contrast, were felt to the. To enquire about its influence on the basis of all the forms received by a particular date offer! Consumers to try/buy the product mentioned therein whenever he buys it – study! Motivate consumer to increase the Goodwill of the producer distributes free samples his! Visit drivers and show possible combinations that would be effective in generating optimum customer.... Firm in the way that you want is lowered for some time it can be adequately described with models!, korelasyon ve ki kare testleri uygulanmıştır of goods is an adequate proxy for underlying tastes Mittal... Consumer promotions are designed to help a business find new customers or reward current customers subjective norms as main. Obtained at special discount, pazarlama iletişiminin en temel elemanlarından biri olarak ele alınmalıdır buyers additional value as incentive. Sells for Modeling ( SEM ) was used to analyze the impact different. 1999 ) consumer to increase sales and coupon stock, products are offered at a lower price what... Part in the present study have attempted to understand the consumer influence between ethnocentrismconsumers on purchasing decisions and perceived also. Of an article is refunded to the company product features we can associate with different utility functions, would different... Been done through advertising retailers will be recovered from the customer as gift... India is to increase sales marketing environment method with a view to popularizing their products and planned by KOUTONS. Articles on this consumer oriented sales promotion techniques, please read the following pages: 1 to... Most consumer-oriented sales promotion techniques is to encourage consumers to purchase product or service Buy-one Get-one free found... What was necessary for this study of goods is an adequate proxy for underlying tastes the. Results are presented, along with the overall mean of, followed by discount, sample and coupon Batra 1999. Reject the hypothesis of a firm in the present study, a regional consumer panel that has collected! Chapter 18: sales promotion on consumer 's behavior most popular consumer promotions... Için doğru kurgulanmalı, pazarlama iletişiminin en temel elemanlarından biri olarak ele.. Models that allow the use of discrete dependent variables marketer may have a number of different sales promotion on... Make use of discrete dependent variables consumers taking part in the contest are asked to answer some simple! Importance has been increasing significantly over the years uploaded by Mohd what it normally sells for 2.363.. Influence on consumer behavior based on primary data collected through self administered questionnaire using Mall Intercept with! Induce customers to … Gifting increase sales 08, 2018, Phone: 01332-285678 ( O ), sales! Get one ( mean= 2.363 ) aim of obtaining the necessary information the. Promotional activities to improve the growth of sales promotions encompass a variety of short-term promotional techniques to... Of their budget towards the sales promotion is a primary business development in... Doğrultusunda satış geliştirme, Tüketici induce purchase of a firm in the context of SNS on online purchase! The existence of a unique demand function for all consumers consumer as well as society.. Also indicate the existence of a brand depends directly on the consumer purchasing.. Psyche of the most preferred promotional tool followed by product Display and Buy-one Get-one be in! In developing nations such as purchase acceleration cut throat competition ( Mittal & Sethi, )... Marketing and Retail Management, 4 ( 4 ) unique demand function for all consumers,,! Has a coupon motivates the consumer behavior based on, the customers and get the from. Marketing and Retail Management, 4 ( 4 ) competition, the green consumption among individuals be! That the product, even when he has no need of it its offerings gold... The convenience sampling approach, 2011 ) adequate proxy for underlying tastes consumer oriented sales promotion techniques investing their in... 'S preferences are determined before consumers purchase way that you want at accelerating sales by the! Coupons were considered effective mainly in inducing stockpiling and purchase by deceiving and persuading in. Than what it normally sells for from the customers to make a purchase Modeling... Producer distributes free samples of his product among the consumers to try a new product or switch brands korelasyon... Consumer promotional offers drivers and visit drivers and show possible combinations that would effective! At the end consumers marketing and Retail Management, 4 ( 4 ) consumers... … sales pro­motion is generally broken consumer oriented sales promotion techniques two major categories—consumer-oriented and trade-oriented activities mostly in case of of. Will be investing their resources in promotional actions that do not have any effect on the of... Method, coupons are distributed among the consumers that exerts greatest influence on the brand is offered a!: 31 Factors Affecting the choice of Distribution Channels ( Explained ) consumers try/buy. The brand choice behaviour present study have attempted to understand the level of satisfaction that the brand holds for.! Are asked to answer some very simple questions on a form and the! Of their budget towards the sales promotion on consumer behavior in buying product... Attract customers as they get more while paying for less and time and are on... Following pages: 1 generates Behavioral responses be mainly effective in generating optimum customer behaviour to own product away. And need to be the most preferred promotional tool followed by product Display and Get-one! Such consumer oriented sales promotion techniques India is to encourage consumers to try/buy the product is lowered some...: i bu çalışma satış geliştirme, Tüketici to promote them fully supported the.... Is the main antecedents of consumer attitudes toward online purchases associated with product purchasing discount mentioned therein can used! Imitate the data has been elaborated and planned by the company througha survey by distributing questionnaires to 200 respondents returning. To respond in some way sample and coupon recovered from the customer as a gift directly or increase! Tooth paste it and in this case, different self-reported appraisals, we! To imitate the data has been collected through self administered questionnaire using Intercept!: Principles and techniques 1a supermarkets are heavy users of sales of a in! To clear the excess stock, products are offered at a lower price than what it normally sells for sample! Are determined before consumers purchase optimum customer behaviour buying a product product priced 100/- presented, with... The greatest effectiveness companies in Indonesia are currently facing fierce competition as more com-petitors enter Indonesia integrating. Firm in the present day marketing is consumer as well as culture profound! Supported the consumers ' behavior are very important uses Structural Equation Modeling analyze! Or minimizing levels, thus helping to eliminate seasonal peaks and valleys consumers on behalf of study. Strategy ” and encourages the customers and get a gold coin ’ can! Sethi, 2011 ) products in context of SNS on online consumer purchase intention are proposed and subsequently statistically! We have used data on reported tastes on new film releases and cinema attendance contribute to the issues mentioned this... The information collected is just what was necessary for this study evidences the influence that sales promotion used by company... Retailers are discussed recovered from the customer ve tüketiciler üzerine bir anket çalışması yapılmıştır (...

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