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Translation depends on complementary base pairing between codons on mRNA and anticodons on tRNA. Learn about the IB courses offered online. Lab work in class counts towards these hours, A lab project along with a report that counts as 20% of your IB exam scores (written exam counts for the other 80%). The Complete IB Biology Syllabus: SL and HL, Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Score, DNA replication, transcription and translation. The rate of turnover in the phosphorus cycle is much lower than the nitrogen cycle. If you are looking at this syllabus, you're likely interested in taking the course or are currently enrolled in the course. The tertiary structure is the further folding of the polypeptide stabilized by interactions between R groups. Type I pneumocytes are extremely thin alveolar cells that are adapted to carry out gas exchange. Receptors detect changes in the environment. Light energy is converted to chemical energy in carbon compounds by photosynthesis. Unsaturated fatty acids can be cis or trans isomers. Interactions between species in a community can be classified according to their effect. Metabolism is the web of all the enzyme-catalysed reactions in a cell or organism. DNA microarrays can be used to test for genetic predisposition or to diagnose the disease. We'll advise you on how to balance your schedule between regular and honors/AP/IB courses, how to choose your extracurriculars, and what classes you can't afford not to take. The structure of cells of the epithelium of the villi is adapted to the absorption of food. Consumers are heterotrophs that feed on living organisms by ingestion. Different methods of membrane transport are required to absorb different nutrients. Learn how your comment data is processed. Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens. I. DNA is a double helix made of two antiparallel strands of nucleotides linked by hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs. ZIMSEC O ‘ Level Specimen Papers November 2021/2022. Genetics and Evolution (8 Hours), Option A. Neurobiology and Behaviour (15 Hours for SL and 25 hours for HL), Option B. The cohesive property of water and the structure of the xylem vessels allow transport under tension. The contraction of circular and longitudinal muscle of the small intestine mixes the food with enzymes and moves it along the gut. Microorganisms in biofilms cooperate through quorum sensing. Alleles differ from each other by one or only a few bases. The structure of the mitochondrion is adapted to the function it performs. Evolution and biodiversity (12 Hours), Additional Higher Level Topics (60 Hours), Topic 8. PCR can be used to amplify small amounts of DNA. The receptor–hormone complex promotes the transcription of specific genes. Membrane proteins are diverse in terms of structure, position in the membrane and function. Carbon dioxide and water vapour are the most significant greenhouse gases. Transport in animals. I took IB Biology SL back in my high school days. Gene function can be studied using model organisms with similar sequences. Viruses lack a metabolism and cannot therefore be treated with antibiotics. Radiation and mutagenic chemicals increase the mutation rate and can cause genetic diseases and cancer. Speciation due to divergence of isolated populations can be gradual. Cooperative aggregates of microorganisms can form biofilms. Light-independent reactions take place in the stroma. Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells. Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. Microorganisms are used in industry because they are small and have a fast growth rate. The plasticity of the nervous system allows it to change with experience. Genetic modification can be used to overcome environmental resistance to increase crop yields. A clade is a group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor. Evidence for which species are part of a clade can be obtained from the base sequences of a gene or the corresponding amino acid sequence of a protein. Gel electrophoresis is used to separate proteins or fragments of DNA according to size. A nerve impulse is only initiated if the threshold potential is reached. Any textbooks endorsed to support the syllabus for examination from 2015 are still suitable for use with this syllabus. Dietary minerals are essential chemical elements. The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is coded for by genes. Leaching of mineral nutrients from agricultural land into rivers causes eutrophication and leads to increased biochemical oxygen demand. Mendel discovered the principles of inheritance with experiments in which large numbers of pea plants were crossed. The switch to flowering is a response to the length of light and dark periods in many plants. A gene is a heritable factor that consists of a length of DNA and influences a specific characteristic. Sample questions International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme Subject Brief Sciences: Biology—Higher level First assessments 2016 – Last assessments 2022 Mitosis is division of the nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei. Translation is the synthesis of polypeptides on ribosomes. Energy released by oxidation reactions is carried to the cristae of the mitochondria by reduced NAD and FAD. Evolution of homologous structures by adaptive radiation explains similarities in structure when there are differences in function. Diploid nuclei have pairs of homologous chromosomes. Codons of three bases on mRNA correspond to one amino acid in a polypeptide. The percentage of ingested energy converted to biomass is dependent on the respiration rate. Blood flows through tissues in capillaries. Transpiration is the inevitable consequence of gas exchange in the leaf. The length of the loop of Henle is positively correlated with the need for water conservation in animals. Veins collect blood at low pressure from the tissues of the body and return it to the atria of the heart. The quaternary structure exists in proteins with more than one polypeptide chain. Chiasmata formation between non-sister chromatids can result in an exchange of alleles. IB students study a broad spectrum of subjects and engage in research (Extended Essay) and experiential learning through school, community, and international activities. Some prokaryotes also have plasmids but eukaryotes do not. Molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved. Learned behaviour develops as a result of experience. Malnutrition may be caused by a deficiency, imbalance or excess of nutrients in the diet. Pathogens can be species-specific although others can cross species barriers. 4. Rods and cones are photoreceptors located in the retina. Phosphorylation of molecules makes them less stable. Are you hoping to squeeze in some extra IB classes? 09th January 2021, is the last date for the submission of the online application. Sensory hairs of the cochlea detect sounds of specific wavelengths. Insulin and glucagon are secreted by β and α cells of the pancreas respectively to control blood glucose concentration. Carbon dioxide is carried in solution and bound to hemoglobin in the blood. Excited electrons from Photosystem I are used to reduce NADP. Global temperatures and climate patterns are influenced by concentrations of greenhouse gases. Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA copied from the DNA base sequences by RNA polymerase. Evidence from cladistics has shown that classifications of some groups based on structure did not correspond with the evolutionary origins of a group or species. Leptin is secreted by cells in adipose tissue and acts on the hypothalamus of the brain to inhibit appetite. Impulses caused by sound perception are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve. Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. EST is an expressed sequence tag that can be used to identify potential genes. DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of a primer. The warmed Earth emits longer wavelength radiation (heat). Natural selection can only occur if there is variation among members of the same species. Monosaccharide monomers are linked together by condensation reactions to form disaccharides and polysaccharide polymers. Metabolism, Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis (14 Hours), Topic 10. Mutagens, oncogenes and metastasis are involved in the development of primary and secondary tumours. Overweight individuals are more likely to suffer hypertension and type II diabetes. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells. Anaerobic cell respiration gives a small yield of ATP from glucose. Components of red blood cells are recycled by the liver. Helicase unwinds the double helix and separates the two strands by breaking hydrogen bonds. Natural classifications help in identification of species and allow the prediction of characteristics shared by species within a group. Disassembly of the components follows termination of translation. Gametes are haploid so contain only one allele of each gene. Selective breeding of domesticated animals shows that artificial selection can cause evolution. Carbon dioxide is produced by respiration and diffuses out of organisms into water or the atmosphere. Limiting factors can be top down or bottom up. In situ conservation may require active management of nature reserves or national parks. Chemical energy in carbon compounds flows through food chains by means of feeding. B.Sc. Metabolic pathways consist of chains and cycles of enzyme-catalysed reactions. Dominant alleles mask the effects of recessive alleles but co-dominant alleles have joint effects. Ventilation maintains concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in alveoli and blood flowing in adjacent capillaries. Taxonomists classify species using a hierarchy of taxa. Chromosomes replicate in interphase before meiosis. HCG stimulates the ovary to secrete progesterone during early pregnancy. Fertilization involves mechanisms that prevent polyspermy. Two species cannot survive indefinitely in the same habitat if their niches are identical. Availability of phosphate may become limiting to agriculture in the future. The composition of blood in the renal artery is different from that in the renal vein. Population growth slows as a population reaches the carrying capacity of the environment. The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. DNA profiling involves comparison of DNA. Organisation of the organism. Fatty acids can be saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated. Multiple sequence alignment is used in the study of phylogenetics. Epinephrine increases the heart rate to prepare for vigorous physical activity. Most ecosystems rely on a supply of energy from sunlight. The neural tube of embryonic chordates is formed by infolding of ectoderm followed by elongation of the tube. The left cerebral hemisphere receives sensory input from sensory receptors in the right side of the body and the right side of the visual field in both eyes and vice versa for the right hemisphere. Aerobic cell respiration requires oxygen and gives a large yield of ATP from glucose. 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